Mbg225 - 1264 Words

MGB225 Intercultural Communication amp; Negotiation Skills Assessment I: Research Report European Negotiations Southern Candles Tour De France Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction The prevalence of internationalisation and globalisation of businesses in the twenty-first century has reiterated the importance of effective cross-cultural communication to achieve any level of progress or success. Culture is defined by Geert Hofstede, as the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another. This report will identify national cultural differences between the U.S. and France within the case study European Negotiations - Southern Candles Tour De†¦show more content†¦- Mr Picard attempted to raise business matters at the dinner party which may have considered inappropriate by his French business associates. 3.2 Intercultural Verbal Communication Issue - It appeared that Mr Picard did not make the effort to familiarise himself with basic French pleasantries/ phrases. He relied on Mrs Dubois to converse with Mr Durand at their initial meeting in Paris, did not offer a basic French greeting to Mrs Durand, did not use courtesy titles such as Monsieur/ Madame. - Mr Picard perceived that the afternoon meeting went well though argumentative; which indicates that he saw the meeting as an argument over their viewpoints and may have risked coming across with a hard sell. - Mr Picard may have disadvantaged his business proposal by only availing himself to one business meeting; within French business culture, meetings are generally held to discuss issues as opposed to making decisions. This could have been further compounded by the fact that Mr Picard did not follow-up their business meeting. 3.3 Intercultural Nonverbal Verbal Communication Issues - It is questionable as to how each party interpreted the handshakes exchanged; the U.S. tend to offer a firm handshake whilst the French prefer a light and brisk handshake. This may have created an impression of power play, dominance or indifference from the onset. - Mr Picard used the okay sign to

Use Of Representations And Fractional Knowledge Education Essay Free Essays

string(152) " Instrument A computational fraction trial was developed and adapted from an EasyCBM, 6th class investigation and was administered to all participants\." This survey provides an scrutiny of fractional cognition demonstrated by 25 ( 7th and 9th class ) pupils from a suburban bunch of schools in a suburban community in Georgia. Students were given five fraction jobs necessitating them use representations for their replies. Analysis of single responses indicated that pupils at both class degrees lack a complete apprehension of fractional constructs such as portion to whole, fractional parts, and distances and relationships between measures. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Of Representations And Fractional Knowledge Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research suggests that larning is more meaningful when pupils are given frequent chances to interact with different theoretical accounts and rethink the constructs ( Dienes, cited in Post A ; Reys, 1979 ) . Harmonizing to Lesh, Landau, A ; Hamilton ( 1983 ) , mathematics constructs can and should be represented other ways as good, utilizing real-world objects, spoken symbols, written words, and written symbols. They suggest that pupils who use a assortment of ways to stand for fractions develop more flexible impressions of fractions. Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden ( 2010 ) province utilizing theoretical accounts and on a regular basis inquiring pupils to explicate their thought plays an of import function in direction. Asking pupils inquiries as they work through job resolution helps them construct upon their apprehension of fractions. Heller, Post, Behr, A ; Lesh ( 1990 ) , found that about merely one fifth of 7th graders and one 4th of 8th graders have a functional apprehension of p roportionality. Models should pervade direction leting pupils chances to job solve and develop apprehension of fractional constructs such as portion to whole, fractional parts, and distances and relationships between measures. Students demonstrate more trouble happening the fractional portion when the figure of parts in the whole is equal to the magnitude of the denominator instead than a multiple or factor of the magnitude of the whole ( Bezuk A ; Bieck, 1993 ) . Three types of theoretical accounts pupils use to interact with, work out jobs, and generalise constructs related to fractions are country theoretical accounts, set theoretical accounts, and figure lines. Student-drawn country theoretical accounts can be effectual for doing comparings of parts of wholes or turn uping fractions on a figure line. Circle theoretical accounts can be used efficaciously to compare fractions if pupils consider the size of the whole and are accurate in their dividers into equal-sized parts. Uniting theoretical ac counts with manipulatives can assist pupils concentrate on of import characteristics of the theoretical accounts and do comparings ( Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden, 2010 ) . Georgia Performance Standards In the first class pupils are expected to split up to 100 objects into equal parts utilizing words, images, or diagrams ( G1M1N4 ) . Specifically halves and fourths as equal parts of a whole utilizing images and theoretical accounts ( G1M1N4C ) . In the 2nd class pupils are expected to understand and compare fractions ( G2M2N4 ) . Students will pattern, place, label, and compare fractions ( tierces, sixths, eighths, ten percents ) as a representation of equal parts of a whole or of a set ( G2M2N4 ) . In the fifth class are expected to compare fractions and warrant the comparing ( G5M5N4F ) . Harmonizing to the Georgia Department of Education, pupils begin to develop an apprehension of fractions in the 3rd class. Students are able to see fractions in general as being built out of unit fractions, and they use fractions along with ocular fraction theoretical accounts to stand for parts of a whole. Students are able to utilize fractions to stand for Numberss equal to, less than, and greater than one and work out jobs that involve comparing fractions by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts and schemes. Students develop apprehension of fraction equality and operations with fractions in the 4th class. They extend old apprehensions about how fractions are built from unit fractions, composing fractions from unit fractions, break uping fractions into unit fractions, and utilizing the significance of fractions and the significance of generation to multiply a fraction by a whole figure. Students begin widening apprehension of fraction equality and ordination by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts in the 5th class. In add-on, pupils are expected to compare fractions with different numerators and denominators, understand add-on and minus of fractions as connection and dividing parts mentioning to the same whole, apply and extend old apprehensions of generation to multiply a fraction by a whole figure, and understand denary notation for fractions, and compare denary fractions. Research Questions In this survey, the undermentioned inquiries were posed: How good make seventh and 9th class pupils perform on fraction jobs that require them to utilize representations? Are there any important differences by class degree? Do pupils at the 7th and 9th class degree demonstrate an apprehension of fractional cognition? Method Participants Students from a suburban bunch of schools in a suburban community South of tube Atlanta participated in this survey. In this bunch of schools, the pupils from three simple schools, feed into two in-between schools, both in-between schools feed into one high school. The population of the high school, similar to the population of the feeder schools has a pupil population that is about 1 % Asian-Pacific Islander, 3 % Hispanic, 50 % African American, and 46 % Caucasic. For the 2009-2010 school twelvemonth, both simple and in-between schools met equal annually advancement ( AYP ) . The high school did non run into AYP. This survey included pupils in the 7th and 9th class. Teachers were solicited who had a professional relationship with the research workers. The categories represented included regular mathematics for pupils in the 7th class and Mathematicss 1 for pupils in the 9th class. See Table 1 for pupil demographics. Of the two instructors that submitted responses, 14 7th class and eleven 9th grade appraisals were submitted. For the intents of this survey, responses from all 25 will be included in the commentary. Images of alone and questionable responses will be provided to back up and document the pupil work that depicts effectual direction and acquisition or whether pedagogues and other stakeholders need to focus/alter direction to advance pupil larning A ; apprehension. The Instrument A computational fraction trial was developed and adapted from an EasyCBM, 6th class investigation and was administered to all participants. The trial assesses fractional cognition accomplishments and consisted of 5 points necessitating pupils to utilize representations for their replies. The appraisal was designed to place their ability to utilize representations, theoretical accounts, or incarnations of rational figure measures to reply a assortment of inquiries ( Petit, Laird, Marsden, 2010 ) . The appraisal focused on four key schemes or theoretical accounts pupils must be competent in utilizing when working with fractions or rational figure measures: models/picture based images, symbolic representations of fractions ( in fractional signifier ) , unwritten A ; written communicating or fractional measures, and utilizing real-world objects in context ( Petit, Laird, Marsden, 2010 ) . The first inquiry asks a inquiry for pupils to find the greater of two fractional measures – use of theoretical accounts or any representation is non expected. The figure line represents the measure or spectrum of values between 0 and 1. The figure line is divided into four equal sections without the values of each section labeled. The 2nd inquiry seeks to find if pupils are able to use a figure line to turn out their response to the first inquiry. The 3rd inquiry gives pupils a opportunity to utilize country theoretical account to place three-fifths of a 5-by-5 grid. The 4th inquiry is a circle where pupils are expected to place five-sixths of the country in the circle. The 5th inquiry is a set of 36 stars, real-world objects, where pupils are expected to place one-quarter of the entire figure of stars. The 6th inquiry is two rectangular boxes that pupils are expected to utilize ( as in measuring ) to find which measure is greater two-fifths or three-eighths. Execution The appraisal was administered during category for pupils in both categories on the same twenty-four hours. Participants in the 7th class were given the appraisal as a warm-up activity. Participants in the 9th class were given the appraisal after finishing a trial. In both categories, pupils were allowed 20 proceedingss to finish the five inquiries. During the appraisal, pupils were read the waies if requested, separately. Hints, hints, suggestions, and solutions were non provided. Analysis The research inquiries were analyzed by hiting the trials as correct, wrong, or non attempted. Each point was separately reviewed and compared with the other participant ‘s responses every bit good. The responses were analyzed to find how pupils represent fractions and job solve. In add-on, analysis focused on pupil apprehension of fractional cognition. Question one needed pupils to find the greater of two fractions ( See Figure 1 ) . Consequences indicated 23 correct responses, one non response, and an wrong response. The pupil that did non react was in the 7th class. The pupil that provided the wrong response was in the 9th class. In inquiry two, pupils were asked to come close the location of two fractions on a figure line ( See Figure 2 ) . Four pupils were able to come close the location of the measures of and right, 16 were inaccurate, and five pupils provided no response for the inquiry. Surprising, there were four responses from pupils in both classs that resembled the theoretical account created in Figure 1. Figure 3 is an illustration of a right theoretical account of the two fractional or rational measures. Responses similar to that found in Figure 2 and 4 rise concerns in the analysis of pupils ‘ apprehension of comparing rational figure measures utilizing a figure line because of the assignment of values that differ from conventional regulations of numeracy. Problem two in Figure 1 and 2 demonstrates that the pupil is utilizing whole figure logical thinking and puting the fractions on the figure line harmonizing to the magnitude of the denominators ( Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden, 2010 ) . Figure 1 Figure 2 number1a.gif number1c.gif The image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. The image in Figure B was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Figure 3 Figure 4 number1b.gif number1d.gif The image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. For inquiry three, pupils were required to stand for portion of a whole utilizing a grid. Nineteen responses were right, two pupils did non react, and five pupil responses were inaccurate. Of the two pupils that did non react, one pupil was in the 7th class, another pupil was in the 9th class. Students in both classs provided an wrong representation of the part of the grid ( See Figure 3 ) . The inquiries that were correct all involve pupils shadowing in 15 of the 25 entire squares or boxes on the 5-by-5 grid. One of the right responses, Figure 5, shows how the pupil rationalizes the colouring of 15 boxes. Figure 5 Figure 6 The image in Figure 5 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 6 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Question four required pupils to stand for 5/6 utilizing a circle theoretical account. Two responses were right in stand foring 6 apparently congruous subdivisions of the circle ( See Figure 7 ) . All other pupils were non able to either pull the subdivisions of equal size or approximated the shaded, five-sixths, of the circle. One of the right responses was from a 7th grade pupil ; the other right response came from a 9th class pupil. Some of the more interesting responses or frequent mistakes noticed are provided in the tabular array below. Figure 7 shows that the 7th grader can come close the value of five-sixths, but is non able to demo the ground exact or approximative country confidently as seen in Figure 8. Figure 9 is really near to an accurate word picture of the country, nevertheless, the subdivisions of the circle are non tantamount – there are four eighths and two fourths shown. Figure 10 is from the same pupil who provided rational in Figure 6 ; nevertheless, the pupil makes the premise that the units of the circle as drawn similar to a grid are the same size. Figure 7 Figure 8 question5a.gif question5b.gif The image in Figure 7 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 8 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Figure 9 Figure 10 question5c.jpg question5d.gif The image in Figure 9 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 10 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Students were asked to place A? of the entire objects represented in inquiry 5. Twenty-three pupils provided the right response and two were wrong. Although there were different methods used by the pupils who identified the 4th of all 36 stars, every pupil identified nine as being the 4th utilizing real-world objects or touchable points. Of the two pupils that scored falsely on the job, one circled all of the objects and the other circled merely five. Question 6 measured whether pupils were able to right find if 2/5 is greater than 3/8 utilizing bars. There were five right responses and 14 wrong responses, showing pupils are unable to stand for the different rational figure measures as shaded parts of a set of equal sized subdivisions. Six responses were clean. Of the five responses that were right, three were from pupils in the 7th class, two were from 9th graders. Figure 11 shows that the pupil understood to partition the rectangles into parts determined by the denominator of both fractions, but were unable to make equal sized-partitions, an mistake identified by Petit, Laird, Marsden ( 2010 ) . Figure 12 seems to demo the same error, nevertheless, there is non a clear cut response as to which measure the pupil thinks is greater. Figure 13 represents a right response with an appropriate theoretical account of turn outing the pupils concluding and principle. Figure 11 Figure 12 question6a.gif question6e.gif The image in Figure 11 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. The image in Figure 12 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Figure 13 Figure 14 question6c.gif question6d.gif The image in Figure 13 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 14 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. Discussion Consequences demonstrated that pupils have trouble stand foring fractions at the 7th and 9th class degree. Students demonstrated trouble with relative believing throughout many of the undertakings. While some pupils were able to successfully put the fractions on the figure line in consecutive order, they were non relative. This was besides apparent when pupils used the country theoretical accounts to find which fraction was greater and when they were asked to shadow a fractional portion of the circle theoretical account. Harmonizing to Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden ( 2010 ) , inaccuracy of theoretical accounts can be the consequence of holding an uncomplete cognition about the importance of wholes being the same when compared to fractions. Consequences did non bespeak a distinguishable difference in fractional job work outing utilizing representations between 7th and 9th graders. Most 7th and 9th class pupils are able to utilize representations when work outing fractions. However, consequences indicate that some pupils demonstrate a deficiency of apprehension of fractional cognition. This is peculiarly concerning, given that pupils begin working on fractions in the first class and should get down to develop an apprehension of fractions in the 3rd class. Students who are unable to utilize fractions to stand for Numberss equal to, less than, and greater than one and work out jobs that involve comparing fractions by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts and schemes lack a conceptual apprehension of fractions that will go on to impede their mathematical abilities as they are introduced to more complex math accomplishments. How to cite Use Of Representations And Fractional Knowledge Education Essay, Essay examples

A Responsibility Of International Business - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the A Responsibility Of International Business. Answer: Introduction Switzerland has consistently remained one of the most developed and sustainably economically progressive countries in the global framework. The different macroeconomic factors of the country in the recent times are as follows. Macroeconomic Factors The GDP of Switzerland in 2016 has been 659.8 billion USD (Rudolf and Zurlinden). The growth of GDP has been as follows: Figure 1: GDP of Switzerland over the years (2008-2016) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) The GDP per capita of the country in 2016 has been 75725.65 USD, with the change in the same over the years being as follows: Figure 2: Per capita GDP of Switzerland (2008-2016) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) The growth rate of GDP in Switzerland has been 0.6% in 2017, with the change in the same being as follows: Figure 3: Growth rate of GDP in Switzerland (2015-2017) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) The government spending in Switzerland has constantly increased over the years, with the same being 19934.98 million Swiss Franc in July 2017. The growth of the same has been as follows: Figure 4: Government Spending of Switzerland (2015-2017) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) The rate of inflation has been increasing gradually in 2017, with the rate being 0.8% by October 2017. The change in the rate has been as follows: Figure 5: Inflation rate in Switzerland (2014-2017) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) The current household rate of savings in Switzerland is nearly 13.7% with the same experiencing considerable fluctuations which can be shown as follows: Figure 5: Household Savings Rate in Switzerland (2008-2016) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) Switzerlands Foreign Direct Investment has consistently increased over the years which is shown as follows: Figure 6: Foreign Direct Investment (Switzerland) (2008-2016) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) Main Investment Opportunities in Switzerland The economy of Switzerland has been an example of consistently growing one, with very less dramatic fluctuations. Several sectors and industries of the country has already reached their saturation and there are very little scopes for expansion in such sectors, thereby indicating that investing in those sectors may not be that profitable. However, the country has several sectors in which there are still scopes of huge expansion. One of such sectors is the real estate sector. With the demand for more and more residential assets as well as commercial buildings for the purpose of offices, shopping centers, stadiums, hotels and others, this sector shows the presence of considerable investment opportunities. Apart from this sector, there are opportunities of investment in the newly growing bio-technology industry, the service sector (which contributes more than 70% in the countrys GDP), the infrastructural sector and the watch industry which experiences consistent demand in the contemporar y period. Level of Corruption Switzerland is one of the least corrupt countries in the world, ranking as the fifth least of the corrupt nations among the 176 countries, measured in the Corruption Perception Index (2016). The changes in the corruption rank over the years for the country can be seen from the following figure: Figure 7: Corruption Rank of Switzerland over the years (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) As per the above figure, the government has been effective to keep corruption visibly low in Switzerland. However, sometimes there arises difference between the data and the perceptions of the residents of the country. As per the Transparency International Global Barometer almost 58% of the interviewed households perceive that corruption has remained unchanged while 28% perceive that corruption in the country has increased. Corruption is perceived to be more in political environment than in the business and industrial environment. Crisis in Switzerland The financial framework of the country has been quite stable for the last few decades with no significant economic turmoil. However, with the recent Euro crisis and the accompanying decision of Swiss National Bank, of scrapping a cap in the local currency value against that of Euro, the country is expected to go through a rough phase of economic crisis. Apart from that, with the increasing inflow of immigrants from across the world to the country is also leading to a form of social and economic crisis for the country in the contemporary period (Obstfeld). Fiscal and Monetary Policies The policy framework in Switzerland is impressively stable and effective, with least tensions and scope of conflict between the fiscal policies and the monetary policies. The country enjoys the presence of robust public finance and stability targeted monetary policies. The strict policy regime and regulations keep the political and the economic structures working in an efficient manner. The fiscal and monetary policy framework of the country helps it to combat any kind of crisis situations. Unemployment Rate The rate of unemployment in the country, has reached a six months high to 3.1% by the third quarter of 2017, after a period of lower and stable rate: Figure 8: Rate of Unemployment in Switzerland (2015-2017) (Source: Tradingeconomics.com) Governments plan of action The unemployment rate remaining comparatively low, the government works effectively in creating enough employment scopes. There are also privileges like unemployment benefit and other supports for those who are eligible to work but are unemployed. Employment generation programs are also taken up efficiently. Switzerland from Risk Standpoint With consistently high income, robust GDP growth, large surpluses in the current account, fiscal and monetary stability and moderate public debt which amounts to 35% of the GDP, the economy of Switzerland is one of the most stable one in the global framework and is seen as a low risk country from the global perspective (Helbing). Market Interest Rate The interest rate in Switzerland has been negative (-0.75%), in the current period, with the changes being as follows: Risk Factors With the interest rate of the country running at a negative rate, there remains a considerable market risk for the currency reserves, which includes the risk in the exchange rates. There also remain liquidity and credit risks in the countrys economy (Source: Snb.ch). Ethical standards and Sustainability Switzerland has been progressing impressively with regards to ethical standards and corporate responsibility in the commercial framework. The government, through its interim report (2015), has announced the implementation of a four year program, under the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Kolk). The purpose of this plan is to create awareness among the commercial players to take corporate social responsibilities and abide by the ethical and transparency norms which have been designed to promote a sustained growth of its business environment and the overall economy. References Helbing, Dirk. "Globally networked risks and how to respond."Nature497.7447 (2013): 51-59. Kolk, Ans. "The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development."Journal of World Business51.1 (2016): 23-34. Obstfeld, Maurice. "Finance at center stage: some lessons of the euro crisis." (2013). Rudolf, Barbara, and Mathias Zurlinden. "A compact open economy DSGE model for Switzerland."Swiss National Bank Economic Studies8 (2014). Snb.ch. "Swiss National Bank (SNB) - Investment Risk Profile."Snb.ch. N.p., 2018. Web. 5 Jan. 2018. Tradingeconomics.com. "Switzerland Corruption Rank | 1995-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar."Tradingeconomics.com. N.p., 2018. Web. 5 Jan. 2018. Tradingeconomics.com. "Switzerland Foreign Direct Investment | 1985-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar."Tradingeconomics.com. N.p., 2018. Web. 5 Jan. 2018. Tradingeconomics.com. "Switzerland GDP Growth Rate | 1980-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar."Tradingeconomics.com. N.p., 2018. Web. 5 Jan. 2018. Tradingeconomics.com. "Switzerland Household Saving Rate | 1990-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar."Tradingeconomics.com. N.p., 2018. Web. 5 Jan. 2018.

Rap Music and Its Effects on Violence free essay sample

Since rap music became a musical genre it has been known for its violence, offensive, language and its drug and gang references. These things have become more prevalent in this present day and age, especially in California. However, though these issues are often brought up in rap music it does not necessarily mean we should blame the various rap artists, their lyrics, and the music Itself for street and gang violence.Rap music is a genre of music that depicts a large amount of violence ND street warfare, but when it comes down to the true reason behind the constant brutality on the streets of Los Angels and elsewhere, only the people behind the violent actions can be blamed. A perfect example Is Mine: a white rapper who got blamed for corrupting Americas Caucasian youth. This, however, Is unfair his lyrics have been created from his personal experiences and beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap Music and Its Effects on Violence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Intelligent youth of America should be able to understand that the lyrics mean nothing but what he personally thinks and believes as a person.They were created In moments of his life where he felt as though he could do nothing but turn to his music. At the same token these young people dont necessarily have to listen to the music in the first place. Though street violence is much more common today than it once was it is much more realistic to blame the setting, upbringing, and environment of the people involved in these acts than to blame hardcore music which is unlikely to be the cause of the violent or hostile way they think.

Take the Paired Conjunction Quiz

Take the Paired Conjunction Quiz Paired conjunctions are often used in both spoken and written English to make a point, give an explanation, or discuss alternatives. The most common paired conjunctions include: both ... andneither ... noreither ... ornot only ... but also When using these forms with verb conjugation make sure to follow these rules: Both ... and is used with two  subjects and always conjugates using the plural form of the verb. Both Tom and Peter live in Los Angeles. Neither ... nor is used with two  subjects. The second subject decides whether the verb is conjugated in the plural or singular form. Neither Tim nor his sisters enjoy watching TV. OR Neither his sister nor Tim enjoys watching TV.   Either ... nor is used with two  subjects.  The second subject decides whether the verb is conjugated in the plural or singular form. Either the children or Peter has made a mess in the living room. OR Either Peter or the children have made a mess in the living room. Not only ... but also inverts the verb after not only, but use standard conjugation after but also. Not only does he like tennis, but he also enjoys golf. Paired conjunctions can also be used with adjectives and nous. In this case, make sure to use parallel structure when using paired conjunctions. Parallel structure refers to using the same form for each item. Pair Conjunction Quiz 1 Match the sentence halves to make a complete sentence. Both PeterNot only do we want to goEither Jack will have to work more hoursThat story wasStudents who do well not only study hardIn the end he had to chooseSometimes it isI would love to take but we also have enough money.neither true nor realistic.not only wise to listen to your parents but also interesting.and I are coming next week.either his career or his hobby.both my laptop and my cell phone on holiday.but also use their instincts if they do not know the answer.or we will have to hire somebody new. Pair Conjunction Quiz 2 Combine the following sentences into one sentence using paired conjunctions: both ... and; not only ... but also; either ... or; neither ... nor We could fly. We could go by train.She will have to study hard. She will have to concentrate to do well on the exam.Jack is not here. Tom is in another city.The speaker will not confirm the story. The speaker will not deny the story.Pneumonia is a dangerous disease. Smallpox is a dangerous illness.Fred loves traveling. Jane wants to go around the world.It might rain tomorrow. It might snow tomorrow.Smoking isnt good for your heart. Drinking isnt good for your health. Answers 1 Both Peter and I are coming this week.Not only do we want to go, but we also have enough money.Either Jack will have to work more hours or we will have to hire somebody new.That story was neither true nor realistic.Students who do well not only study hard but also use their instincts if they do not know the answers.  In the end he had to choose either his career or his hobby.Sometimes it is not only wise to listen to your parents but also interesting.  I would love to take both my laptop and my cell phone on holiday. Answers 2 Either we could fly or we could go by train.  Not only will she have to study hard, but she will also have to concentrate to do well on the exam.Neither Jack nor Tom is here.The speaker will neither confirm nor deny the study.Both Pneumonia and Small Pox are dangerous illnesses (diseases).Both Fred and Jane love traveling.It might both rain and snow tomorrow.Neither smoking nor drinking are good for your health.   If you had difficulties understanding this quiz, brush up on your knowledge. Teachers can use this paired conjunction lesson plan to help students learn and practice these forms.

Great White Fleet Circles the Globe

Great White Fleet Circles the Globe A Rising Power In the years after its triumph in the Spanish-American War, the United States quickly grew in power and prestige on the world stage. A newly established imperial power with possessions that included Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, it was felt that the United States needed to substantially increase its naval power to retain its new global status. Led by the energy of President Theodore Roosevelt, the US Navy built eleven new battleships between 1904 and 1907. While this construction program greatly grew the fleet, the combat effectiveness of many of the ships was jeopardized in 1906 with the arrival of the all-big gun HMS Dreadnought. Despite this development, the expansion of naval strength was fortuitous as Japan, recently triumphant in the Russo-Japanese War after victories at Tsushima and Port Arthur, presented a growing threat in the Pacific. Concerns with Japan Relations with Japan were further stressed in 1906, by a series of laws which discriminated against Japanese immigrants in California. Touching off anti-American riots in Japan, these laws were ultimately repealed at Roosevelts insistence. While this aided in calming the situation, relations remained strained and Roosevelt became concerned about the US Navys lack of strength in the Pacific. To impress upon the Japanese that the United States could shift its main battle fleet to the Pacific with ease, he began devising a world cruise of the nations battleships. Roosevelt had effectively utilized naval demonstrations for political purposes in the past as earlier that year he had deployed eight battleships to the Mediterranean to make a statement during the Franco-German Algeciras Conference. Support at Home In addition to sending a message to the Japanese, Roosevelt wished to provide the American public with a clear understanding that the nation was prepared for a war at sea and sought to secure support for the construction of additional warships. From an operational standpoint, Roosevelt and naval leaders were eager to learn about the endurance of American battleships and how they would stand up during long voyages. Initially announcing that the fleet would be moving to the West Coast for training exercises, the battleships gathered at Hampton Roads in late 1907 to take part in the Jamestown Exposition. Preparations Planning for the proposed voyage required a full assessment of the US Navys facilities on the West Coast as well as across the Pacific. The former were of particular importance as it was expected the fleet would require a full refit and overhaul after steaming around South America (the Panama Canal was not yet open). Concerns immediately arose that the only navy yard capable of servicing the fleet was at Bremerton, WA as the main channel into San Franciscos Mare Island Navy Yard was too shallow for battleships. This necessitated the re-opening of a civilian yard on Hunters Point in San Francisco. The US Navy also found that arrangements were needed to ensure that the fleet could be refueled during the voyage. Lacking a global network of coaling stations, provisions were made to have colliers meet the fleet at prearranged locations to permit refueling. Difficulties soon arose in contracting sufficient American-flagged ships and awkwardly, especially given the point of the cruise, the majority of the colliers employed were of British registry. Around the World Sailing under command of Rear Admiral Robley Evans, the fleet consisted of the battleships USS Kearsarge, USS Alabama, USS Illinois, USS Rhode Island , USS Maine, USS Missouri, USS Ohio, USS Virginia, USS Georgia, USS New Jersey, USS Louisiana, USS Connecticut, USS Kentucky, USS Vermont, USS Kansas, and USS Minnesota. These were supported by a Torpedo Flotilla of seven destroyers and five fleet auxiliaries. Departing the Chesapeake on December 16, 1907, the fleet steamed past the presidential yacht Mayflower as they left Hampton Roads. Flying his flag from Connecticut, Evans announced that the fleet would be returning home via the Pacific and circumnavigating the globe. While it is unclear whether this information was leaked from the fleet or became public after the ships arrival on the West Coast, it was not met with universal approval. While some were concerned that the nations Atlantic naval defenses would be weakened by the fleets prolonged absence, others were concerned about the cost. Senator Eugene Hale, the chairman of the Senate Naval Appropriation Committee, threatened to cut the fleets funding. To the Pacific Responding in typical fashion, Roosevelt replied that he already had the money and dared Congressional leaders to try and get it back. While the leaders wrangled in Washington, Evans and his fleet continued with their voyage. On December 23, 1907, they made their first port call at Trinidad before pressing on to Rio de Janeiro. En route, the men conducted the usual Crossing the Line ceremonies to initiate those sailors who had never crossed the Equator. Arriving in Rio on January 12, 1908, the port call proved eventful as Evans suffered an attack of gout and several sailors became involved in a bar fight. Departing Rio, Evans steered for the Straits of Magellan and the Pacific. Entering the straits, the ships made a brief call at Punta Arenas before transiting the dangerous passage without incident. Reaching Callao, Peru on February 20, the men enjoyed a nine-day celebration in honor of George Washingtons birthday. Moving on, the fleet paused for one month at Magdalena Bay, Baja California for gunnery practice. With this complete, Evans moved up the West Coast making stops at San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco. Across the Pacific While in port at San Francisco, Evans health continued to worsen and command of the fleet passed to Rear Admiral Charles Sperry. While the men were treated as royalty in San Francisco, some elements of the fleet traveled north to Washington, before the fleet reassembled on July 7. Before departing, Maine and Alabama were replaced by USS Nebraska and USS Wisconsin due to their high fuel consumption. In addition, the Torpedo Flotilla was detached. Steaming into the Pacific, Sperry took the fleet to Honolulu for a six-day stop before proceeding on to Auckland, New Zealand. Entering port on August 9, the men were regaled with parties and warmly received. Pushing on to Australia, the fleet made stops at Sydney and Melbourne and was met with great acclaim. Steaming north, Sperry reached Manila on October 2, however liberty was not granted due to a cholera epidemic. Departing for Japan eight days later, the fleet endured a severe typhoon off Formosa before reaching Yokohama on October 18. Due to the diplomatic situation, Sperry limited liberty to those sailors with exemplary records with the goal of preventing any incidents. Greeted with exceptional hospitality, Sperry and his officers were housed at the Emperors Palace and the famed Imperial Hotel. In port for a week, the men of the fleet were treated to constant parties and celebrations, including one hosted by famed Admiral Togo Heihachiro. During the visit, no incidents occurred and the goal of bolstering good will between the two nations was achieved. The Voyage Home Dividing his fleet in two, Sperry departed Yokohama on October 25, with half heading for a visit to Amoy, China and the other to the Philippines for gunnery practice. After a brief call in Amoy, the detached ships sailed for Manila where they rejoined the fleet for maneuvers. Preparing to head for home, the Great White Fleet departed Manila on December 1 and made a week-long stop at Colombo, Ceylon before reaching the Suez Canal on January 3, 1909. While coaling at Port Said, Sperry was alerted to a severe earthquake at Messina, Sicily. Dispatching Connecticut and Illinois to provide aid, the rest of the fleet divided to make calls around the Mediterranean. Regrouping on February 6, Sperry made final port call at Gibraltar before entering the Atlantic and setting a course for Hampton Roads. Reaching home on February 22, the fleet was met by Roosevelt aboard Mayflower and cheering crowds ashore. Lasting fourteen months, the cruise aided in the conclusion of the Root-Takahira Agreement between the United States and Japan and demonstrated that modern battleships were capable of long journeys without significant mechanical breakdowns. In addition, the voyage led to several changes in ship design including the elimination of guns near the waterline, the removal of old-style fighting tops, as well as improvements to ventilation systems and crew housing. Operationally, the voyage provided thorough sea training for both the officers and men and led to improvements in coal economy, formation steaming, and gunnery. As a final recommendation, Sperry suggested that the US Navy change the color of its ships from white to gray. While this had been advocated for some time, it was put into effect after the fleets return.

Theology and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theology and Philosophy - Essay Example This approach emphasizes that belief in existence of god relates to the self-interest of people, rather than their faith in the god’s existence. This approach is supported by the argument that believing in god’s existence will mean being rewarded in heaven. However, if god does not exist, then only loss that people can have is the absence of this reward. Similarly, god’s existence would mean, for non-believers, going to hell and receiving infinite punishment. However, if god does not exist, it means no change in their condition. Pascal’s Wager is a better argument as it clearly defines the reason as self-interest of people to believe in god’s existence, while ontological argument is based on abstract reasoning only. (Arguments, nd) Natural theology and philosophy cannot be different, when discussing about the personal beliefs. For example, natural disasters such as the recent Nepal earthquake and Asian Tsunami reaffirm the belief that god exists. However, rational thinkers and philosophers provide scientific evidence for such happenings. The timing of these disasters cannot find any support from philosophical reasoning. Hindus and Buddhist have strong faith that the god is creator, destroyer and responsible for recreation as well.(Burke, 2015) When discussing about natural theology and philosophy, rational thinkers cannot deny about the existence of god, as the plain proofs such as above are sufficient to convince them. As human beings begin to ponder on the issues involving life and death, they realize that people are obliged to remain obedient to the god’s commands. However, these aspects of natural theology find scientific support from philosophy in establishing that the events or situations created by god can be scientifically explained and justified, as is evident in the Nepal’s earthquake. This affirms the existence of god, which is supported by the

Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences Research Paper

Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences - Research Paper Example But when it comes to business, the intelligent person can easily detect commercial opportunities, or is good in mastering or avoiding business risks and keep the books balanced. At the advent of the twenty-first century, there is a new intellectual virtuoso: the symbol analyst or the master of change. This is the one who can read numbers and words in the computer screen and make reliable and useful projects. Through the information from the computer, the analyst can solve problems, communicate to other people and adjust easily to the changing times. Francis Galton, one of the founders of the modern psychological measurement in the late nineteenth century, believed that intelligence is hereditary, and so searched for offspring of the leaders of British society. But Galton also believed that intelligence is not confined to hereditary lineages. He devised means to test intelligence. The first intelligence measurements tested the person’s sensory acuity, i.e. an intelligent person can easily distinguish sounds of different loudness, or the brightness of lightness, and objects of different weights. (Gardner, 1999, p. 2) Gardner (1999) presented evidence that individuals have a range of capacities and potentials, and he called this phenomenon multiple intelligences. Individuals can use these intelligences in the different roles in society. An individual with multiple intelligences can perform multiple tasks. Gardner presented his argument on the question scholars and students of intelligence have been arguing about: Is intelligence singular? Or, is there such a thing as multiple intelligences? There is also another question Gardner would like to address: Is intelligence predominantly inherited? Darwin wrote in his time that men did not differ much in intelligence except in their efforts and hard work. The Western notion remains that intelligence is innate in a person. (Armstrong, 2009, p.

Process of Dealing with Death Essay Example for Free

Process of Dealing with Death Essay When they are gone, we must learn to carry on. In today’s world, there are few things if any at all that last forever; whether it be something bought in a store, or even us human beings everything has an expiration date. Death is not a simple thing to cope with. It takes time to go through the stages of grieving and reach the final point of acceptance. As people, we differ from each other, which means that it may take a week, a month, a year, or even more time for someone to cope with the death of a loved one; it all depends on the person. The stages of grieving after a death in the family vary for everyone but most commonly they tend to include anger/denial, guilt, and the final step in coping with death, acceptance. It is often hard to accept the fact that someone who has always been by your side could suddenly be gone forever. The reality of the situation does not always kick in right away. Some people choose to deny the fact that someone they care about has passed away because they are simply not capable of handling the truth. In some cases, denial combines with anger at the passed loved one because they feel that the person who died left them too early and at a bad time. This was the case when my grandmother (my mom’s mom) passed away a few years ago. My mom was my grandmother’s only daughter that lived here in America therefore they were very close and cherished each other greatly. I have a vivid memory of my grandmother’s deceased body laying on her bed with my mom sitting on a chair next to her and pounding the wall with her fists screaming, â€Å"Why did you leave me, how do you expect me to go on without you?! You can’t be gone, no, this isn’t happening! † It was a hard sight to witness; first off, because of the fact that my grandmother had passed away, that pain on its own was difficult to deal with and to add on top of that my mom was in such an extreme state of denial and anger she would not let anyone near my grandmother. My dad and one of my uncles forcibly took my mom out of the room in order for the funeral home attendants to remove my grandmother’s body. Speaking from personal observations, the time that it takes for people to stop denying the fact that one of their loved ones has passed on, varies depending on the person. After a death in the family, those close to the deceased may experience a sense of regret or guilt for their actions and those of others. Once my grandmother passed away, I had a conference with my school counselor who asked me to tell her about the emotions I was feeling towards my grandmother’s death. One of the emotions I picked out was guilt. I explained that I felt guilty for not having spent enough time with my grandmother, and at that point (thinking like a child) I felt that my grandmother may have passed away because I did something very bad to upset her and she simply did not want to deal with me any longer. My cousin experienced similar feelings. Her emotions were centered more on regretting the times when she had an opportunity to spend time with my grandmother; but she chose to do something else instead. Other people may try to comfort themselves by finding someone to blame for the death of their loved one. Most commonly, this blame is directed at doctors. Even though there may not have been any opportunity for the doctor to heal or revive the dying patient, it helps some people to identify the doctors as the guilty party. The reason why they direct all of their negative emotions to the doctor is because they say, â€Å"It is the doctor’s job to make him/her better; he/she died because the doctor didn’t do everything in his power to make him/her better†. Everyone deals with death differently; some people may feel guilty for their own actions while others tend to look for a figure that they can blame for the death of their loved one. Acceptance is the final step in coping with death. This is the time during which those close to the deceased are able to go through an emotional catharsis. Arriving at this stage is not easy but it pays off because you are finally able to â€Å"let go†. It is important to keep in our memories those near and dear to us, but it is equally as important not to wallow in the past because by doing so, all hope for the future is suffocated. Accepting the fact that someone you love is gone forever is difficult, it is normal to feel filled with emotion. Once the fact that my grandmother had passed finally set inside my understanding I cried for many hours every day. Crying was my way of letting out all of the emotions that I had stored inside of me after witnessing the pain my mom had gone through and losing my grandma. Saying good-bye is not easy, but it is something that must be done. Everyone copes with death differently. It may take longer for some people to realize that even though they may have lost someone who has always been of great importance to them, life must go on. This is why it is important to learn ways in which to deal with the situation and simply make the best of it. Some things can be undone; unfortunately, death is not one of those things. Even though discussing death is not a cheery topic, it is important to not only know but also to understand the different stages of grieving because as humans we cannot run away from death or avoid it. All people have an expiration date on this planet, for some it is sooner than others. Understanding the steps/stages in the grieving process can be beneficial when helping a friend cope with the loss of a close member of their family. By knowing the steps and what they consist of, you will have an understanding of why the person is reacting the way they are. It also makes it much easier for you to guide the grieving individual to the final step of acceptance from which they can return to their everyday life with the understanding that death is part of the human life cycle, and as depressing and difficult as it may be to comprehend it is an inescapable aspect of our human lives.

RIG VEDA :: essays research papers

THE RIG VEDA I will mention about the Indian’s Rig Vedas.Before giving the details of Rig Veda,it would be better giving information about eastern philosophy and also Hinduizm. Firstly I want to explain some basic characteristics of eastern philosophy and the place of Hinduism as a religion entering the side of the philosophy. Actually if we want to understand the eastern philosophy completely, there is need to know that these philosophies depend on a religious area, like Indian philosophy. The system of eastern philosophy aims to experience the truth in a directly but also in a mystical way, and this experience take the character of religion with it, so why it is inevitable that the eastern philosophy depend on the religious area. Then we can put Hinduism in eastern tradition entering the side of philosophy. There is a strict relationship between philosophy and religion in Hinduism so that it effects the intellectual life of Indian deeply for hundred years and it formed the cultural and social tradition of this country. Essentially it is hard to define Hinduism as a religion or a philosophy. It contains so many cultures, philosophical systems that make itself complicated. Besides it has so many Gods and Goddess. We can convey that this state is the reflection of complex society in Indian, people from different races, geographic areas. Whereas it would be seen as a complication, there is a constant ritual with the spiritual of Hinduism. ‘ The oldest Scriptures in all of India and the most important are called the Vedas. All Hindus recognize the Vedas as the true origin of their faith because of the spiritual meaning behind them.’2 It is obvious that the Vedas are the main resources of the spiritual of Hinduism. Then we can give some information about Vedas, world’s oldest spiritual teachings. ‘The Vedas are probably the earliest documents of the human mind, they are the original scriptures of Hindu teachings. Veda means wisdom, knowledge or vision, and it manifests the language of the gods in human speech. The laws of the Vedas regulate the social, legal, domestic and religious customs of the Hindus to the present day.’3 So what gives Vedas this power to regulate these customs of Hindus to the present day. The answer of this question is hidden in the question ‘Who wrote the Vedas?’. ‘It is believed that humans did not compose the revered compositions of the Vedas, which were handed down through generations by the word of mouth from time immemorial.

Grade 12 Bio – Enzyme Lab

Enzyme Lab Purpose: To compare the action of the enzyme catalase, to a non-protein catalyst under different conditions. Observations: | |Observations |Rate of Reaction |Interpretations | |A |Sand |- Sand piled up at the bottom of |0 |- There is no reaction between sand and| | | |the test tube and no bubbles | |hydrogen peroxide, because sand does | | | |arose | |not contain any catalysts or enzymes to| | | | | |break down hydrogen peroxide | | |MnO2 |- Reaction occurred right away, |5 |- MnO2 acts like a catalyst which | | | |bubbles rose almost to the top of| |breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen | | | |the tube | |gas with a lower activation energy | |B |Liver |- Reaction occurred right away, |4 |- Liver contains large amounts of the | | | |and big, white bubbles rose the | |enzyme catalase, which break down H2O2. | | | |top of the test tube | |This made the reaction occur quickly | | | | | |and form bubbles. | | |Potato |- Very little bubbles appeared |2 |- The reaction was very moderate and | | | |from the reaction, and did not | |did ot occur quickly because potato | | | |rise very high in the tube or | |does not have a lot of the enzyme | | | |occur quickly | |catalase | |C |Used liver + Fresh liver |- Some bubbles formed and the |3 |- The reaction should have had a higher| | | |reaction was moderate | |rate of reaction, because the enzymes | | | | | |in the used liver are still active and | | | | | |can be used in the reaction again. The | | | | | |fresh liver can also perform this | | | | | |reaction with its catalase enzyme. Due | | | | | |to an error or impurity of equipment, | | | | | |the reaction was not as strong. | |Used liver + H2O2 |- Reaction occurred quickly and a|4 |- The enzyme in the liver is still | | | |lot of big bubbles formed and | |active and can be used over again, | | | |rose to the top of the test tube | |because enzymes never get used up | |D |Crushed Liver |-Reaction happened immediately, |5 |- Liver contains a large amount of | | | |and a lot of bubbling occurred | |catalase enzyme, which breaks down H2O2| | | |for a while with large, white | |very quickly. Since the liver is | | | |bubbles, and rose to the top of | |crushed, this reaction occurred even | | | |the test tube | |faster because there is a larger | | | | | |surface area of the liver for the H2O2 | | | | | |to react with. | |Crushed Potato |- Very few bubbles that were |3 |- Since the potato is crushed, there is| | | |small formed and they did not | |more surface area for the H2O2 to react| | | |rise very high in the test tube | |with, but potato does not contain any | | | | | |enzymes to break down H2O2, so this | | | | | |reaction was moderate and did not occur| | | | | |quickly. |E |Boiled Liver | – No bubbles rose to the top of |1 |- No reaction and bubbles formed, | | | |the test tube, and a light, white| |because the boiling of the liver caused| | | |cover formed on top of the liver | |denaturing of the proteins, and | | | |with very little, small bubbles | |denatured catalase proteins can not | | | | | |function | | |Liver at 37( C |- Reaction occurred quickly and |5 |- This reaction occurred and formed | | | |large, white bubbles formed and | |large bubbles that rose to the top | | | |elevated up the test tube | |because the liver is 37( C, which is | | | | | |normal human body temperature.Catalase| | | | | |operates and breaks down H2O2 best at | | | | | |this temperature. | | |Liver at 0( C |- No bubbles formed or rose to |0 |- No reaction occurred when the liver | | | |the top of the test tube. No | |was at 0(C because this condition is | | | |reaction occurred. | |too cold for the catalase enzymes to | | | | | |function.Enzyme activity slows down at| | | | | |any temperature below 37( C, and it is | | | | | |the slowest at 0 degrees. Almost no | | | | | |enzyme activity occurs. | Questions: 1. The differences in the rates were mainly because of the different temperatures of the liver, the different p article sizes of the liver and potato, and the product used with H2O2 in the reaction. The reactions that had the fastest rates had liver as the product used in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide.Also, reactions that had liver at normal body temperature (37( C), and had a larger particle size for larger surface area had fast rates of reaction. 2. H2O2 breaks down when other catalysts that can be oxidized by it are present. Because H2O2 is an unstable molecule, some inorganic substances like MnO2 can be oxidized by it, and they release oxygen gas in the reaction. 3. Temperature affects the rate of enzyme action very much. At low temperatures, the enzyme activity is very slow, because the molecules have low kinetic energy and fewer collisions occur between them. This is proven in part E of the lab, where there was no reaction and enzyme activity when the liver was 0( C.At high temperatures, the enzyme activity increases because the molecules have higher kinetic energy and more collis ions occur. However, the maximum temperature the enzyme will stay active until is about 40( C. After the temperature reaches higher than 40( C, the protein enzyme will start to denature and slow down. Particle size also affects the rate of enzyme action. Smaller particles allow the rate of enzyme activity to be very high, because there is a larger surface area for the enzyme to react with and break down. This is proven in part D of the lab, where there was a very fast and active reaction with crushed liver and hydrogen peroxide. The large surface area of the crushed liver allows more space for the enzymes to work on and break down hydrogen peroxide. 4.No, the results would not be different if dog liver was used for this investigation. This is because the catalase enzyme will stay active as the temperature increases, up to about 40( C. If the liver is higher than 40 degrees, the enzyme will denature and not work. Since dog liver is exactly 40( C, the results will be the same, because the enzyme will work at a temperature of 40( C, but not any higher. In conclusion, this lab helped consolidate the understanding of how enzymes work, and how temperature and particle size affects the rate of enzyme activity. This activity was an interactive way to see how the enzymes actually function, through liver and potato. ———————– SBI 4U0-B

Air Industry Analysis Essay

Executive Summary Airlines companies are undergoing major changes to cope with the new challenges of the modern economy. Geopolitical factors, such as war and terrorism, the financial crisis of 2009, high entry barriers, as well as extreme weather events, are some of the factors that are driving these changes. Costs in fuel prices, wages and ticket prices are some of the demand drivers of this multi-billionaire industry. Also, there has been an industry-wide shakedown, which will have far-reaching effects on the industry’s trend towards expanding domestic and international services. The perception that air travel is an ordeal continues to grow, making it very difficult for airlines to charge the higher prices that are necessary to return to profitability. Today Airlines provide a vital service, but factors including like the continuing existence of loss-making carriers, bloated cost structure, vulnerability to exogenous events and a reputation for poor service combine to present a huge impedime nt to profitability. While a handful of low-cost airlines have successfully managed to post consistent profits, by and large, profitable airlines are few and far between. Introduction The global airline industry provides transportation to virtually every corner of the world. The airline companies employ many people, hold multi-billion dollar equipment inventory, and generate billions of dollars in yearly gross revenue. It facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism. However, the industry can be very vulnerable to government regulations, economic influences, extreme weather events and geopolitical factors such as war and terrorism. The SIC/NAICS code for the industry is 4512 /4811. The NAICS term for the industry is â€Å"Scheduled air transportation† . The industry is further classified into 2 NAICS codes – 481111 for Scheduled passenger transportation and 48112 for Scheduled Freight Transportation. Per NCAIS, â€Å"This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing air transportation of passengers or passengers and freight over regular routes and on regular schedules. Establishments in this industry operate flights even if partially loaded. Scheduled air passenger carriers including commuter and helicopter carriers (except scenic and sightseeing) are included in this industry.† History The commercial airline industry in the US grew at a fast rate after the World War III. The commercial aviation industry in the United States has grown dramatically since the end of World War II. In 1945 the major airlines flew 3.3 billion revenue passenger miles (RPMs). By the mid 1970s, when deregulation was beginning to develop, the major carriers flew 130 billion RPMs. By 1988, after a decade of deregulation, the number of domestic RPMs had reached 330 billion (Source: Winds of Change). Up to the 1970s the industry was heavily regulated around the world. However, in 1976 under the recommendation of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the regulatory system was dismantled by the US Congress. Most of the industrialized world soon followed suite. The Airline Deregulation Act passed in the US in 1978 eased the entry of new companies into the business and gave them freedom to set their own fares and fly whatever domestic routes they chose. This lead to a swarm of new entrants, lower fare s and the opening of new routes and services to all over the country. Organization The major Capital expenditure for the airline industry is the cost of the airplanes. Boeing and Airbus are the two major providers of aircrafts to the industry. Other than that the Airports Authorities are the other major service providers to the airline industry. Airline fuel is another major product the the industry buys from external suppliers. The industry itself provides the rest major services- Flight operations, aircraft maintenance, passenger service ( (in-flight food, flight attendants) and Aircraft traffic services (baggage and passenger handling). Governmental Factors As mentioned earlier government factors play a big role in the industry. The growth of the industry post the 1976 deregulation illustrates this point. Government policies that impact the economy also have a big impact on the industry profits as was seen during the 1990 global recession and the 2001 US economic downturn. Wars and Geopolitical tensions that impact the airline fuel supplies also pose threat to the industry. Environmental Factors Environmental factors such as bad weather conditions can force planes to be delayed, canceled or even to divert to another airport. In such cases the airlines are forced to pay for lodging and meals of the affected passengers and in some cases refund tickets. An extreme sample of this is the airline disruption caused by the ash from the volcanic eruption in Iceland in 2010. It could have cost the industry more than $1.7 bln according an estimate by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Market Structure The airlines industry has undergone major changes since 1978 due to the deregulation and the economic liberalization, where restrictions on the routes and fares charged were removed. Thus in order to obtain the cost efficient and to concentrate traffic to one airport the Hub-and-spokes was created to move passengers from smaller cities and gathered a group of passengers in a major city airport to be transported from a major hub of one city to another major hub. This new system allows the airline industry to retain the oligopolistic market due to the huge barriers that obstruct competition. From one hand the government regulations established barriers for airports such us a slot management system that demonstrate there is a failure in the investment of governments in adequate infrastructure, gate constraints due to exclusive leasing arrangements and gates usage in congested cities is limiting the entry despite the share usage between airlines. â€Å"Airlines need certainty because they have invested billions of dollars in aircraft. They must be certain they will have access to the infrastructure for the next 25-30 years and this is why historic (grandfather) rights are appropriate.† (Airlines International, 2010). On the other hand the hub and spoke system allows major airline firms to restrict the entrance of new competitor, because they have captured the market of small and big cities with a large economy of scale and a big profit margin, price flexibility, and other rights like reserved slots that was very difficult to be matched by new airlines, protecting them from new competitors developing a mature oligopoly where the prices are set by the leaders and the others airlines followed, practicing parallel pricing. All the studies reviewed suggested that despite the benefits of airline deregulation, there are many factors that continued preventing airlines to get advantage of this economic deregulation due not only to the airport restrictions but also due to computer-reservation systems, benefits of frequent-flyer programs, economies of scale of operation. This fact can be evidence after the deregulation when many new airlines attempted to get into the market but the majority failed due to the high cost associated with gates, slots and other airports facilities did not let them to compete with prices as a result this new competitors were acquired by the already established ones. (Seng, 2007) According to RITA, the U.S., Research and Innovative Technology bureau Transportation’s statistics the largest carrier for domestic market from May 2011 through April 2012 was Delta followed by Southwest and American (see table No.1.) It is important to mention that with the merger of United and Continental, they could become the largest carrier if the tendency remains. (Jenkins, 2011) As we can observe, the 55.9% of the market is hold by Delta, Southwest, American, and United,. In order to open the market for new carriers and generate airfare competition the government has to work on expanding the access to new gates, baggage claim areas and slots, otherwise the existent oligopolistic market will continue prevailing. Industry Demand The US airline industry demand is affected by the current market that has generated unstable conditions due to the high dependency and reaction to many factors like regulation, fuel price, inflation, security and competition. In addition this industry was also affected by the financial crisis during 2009 that had a great impact in market demand, thought due to the revival of the economy the travel demand has started improving since 2010. According to RITA â€Å"There were 2.1 percent fewer passengers in the April 2009 to April 2010 period compared to April 2008 to April 2009. From the year ending April 2010 to the year ending in April 2011, system wide passenger numbers on US airlines increased 2.9 percent† (Smallen,2011) As a result of the deregulation of the airline industry in 1979 the traffic of passengers increased and the ticket prices decreased. In this environment there was more competition and less demand, the operating cost and margin profit were affected and the maj or firms filed for bankruptcy falling from six major airlines (united, America, Delta, Eastern, TWA, and Pan Am) to three by 1991 (United, American and Delta). The new challenge for airlines was reconfigured routes and making improvements in capacity and utilization to reach the expected efficiency and offer better service to the general public. Indeed security had a great impact on the demand of airlines. After attack of 9/11 domestic passengers demand went down by more than 30 percent, which caused a reduction on routes and numbers of flights not to mention that planes were grounded and thousands of workers were laid off. To rebuild the public confidence in the air transportation, both airlines and government started working together. These security measures have managed to allay the public fear. According to Bisignani, â€Å" Despite severe shocks in recent years-including the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and outbreaks of avian flu-the demand for air travel is at record levels and is expected to grow an average of 6 percent each year for the foreseeable future. People need to fly. More important, people want to fly†. ( Bisignani,200 6) The peak in oil prices during 2008 and the financial crisis during 2009 affected and slowed down the numbers of passengers ,specially leisure travelers, as the prices of oil pushed up fares, and people’s disposable income decreased. The demand for business travel also shifted left. The industry responded with fiercely competing on the airfare which resulted in huge revenue losses and forced major airlines like American Airlines to be restructured. The airline industry overcame this crisis due to people’s need to fly for business and personal purposes and due to the absence of any other alternate mode of long-distance transportation. The use of substitutes such car, train diminishes with distance travelled. This demonstrates that the demand for air transportation is inelastic for longer flights and for business purposes. The lack of substitutes let the airline industry to move without a real external competitor, the passenger trains, bus and personal automobiles are not a viable option for traveling long distances and for business travel. In addition for leisure purposes the demand is more elastic because travelers are more likely to change destination or postpone trips expecting lower ticket prices. Despite the events of security breaches, wars and the economy, the demand for air flight has increased and is expected to continue increasing. The airlines continue to compete among themselves with pricing and offering complementary goods such hospitality, policies, car rental, hotels and tourist packages as the opportunities to improve their sales. Cost structure In the airlines industry, fixed costs are high, while variable costs tend to be low. Costs are fixed and variable at different points in time. That is, the timeframe in this market is important to categorize cost on their relation to output. With the commoditization of air travel, cost structure is now a key success factor in the industry. Central cost items are fuel, capital and wage costs. Costs in fuel prices, which are exogenous as is the time series for the average fuel efficiency of planes; constant dollar amount per seat mile that grows at the rate indicated by the Producer Price Index; and wages, which are based on several factors, such as inflation, industry margins, and average worker tenure. Concerning wages, they are fixed costs in short term decisions and variable in the longer term, where total wage costs change in relation to volume of activity as a result of recruitment, retirement, and dismissals. Consequently, effective management of fuel, maintenance, and labor cos ts is mandatory in the current environment in this industry (Harmsen, 2007). Fixed costs are costs that are unaffected by changes in volume. These costs are always constant even when production varies. One example of fixed cost is rent of premises. In the extremely short term, all costs are fixed, while all costs may be regarded as variable in the very long term, which will be described later, in this section. A good example to illustrate could be long-term leasing aircraft leasing contracts. In the short run the airline would be unable to avoid these payments no matter how it adjusts output. Therefore, lease payment is a fixed cost in the short run, but in the long run they are variable, because contractual obligations will expire (Vasigh, Fleming, & Tacker, 2008). Variable costs are costs that increase or decrease with fluctuations in production. In the aviation market, infrastructure, wear, and the bulk of the fuel are often placed in the variable cost bracket. These normal variable costs are then adjusted by the eï ¬â‚¬ect of congestion, since large load factors add costs from increased services, cancellations, and many other sources. As mentioned on the fore above, costs in the airlines industry are fixed and variable at different points in time. For the purpose of pricing, for instance, a cost structure is required that expresses the time horizon at which different cost categories may be considered fixed and variable. We will describe them with at least three different time spans: medium-long term, short term, and very short term, as follows. * Medium-long term: once the schedule is in place, the costs of operating air services are relatively fixed. This means that capital costs for aircraft, pilots’ wages, technical staff and other skilled labor cannot be influenced. * Short-term: once the carrier decides to embark on the flight, all costs under the medium-long term heading become fixed as do the costs for infrastructure charges (except passenger service charges), wear and the bulk of the fuel. * Very short term: the costs for ticketing, food, travel agency commissions, and extra fuel consumption due to the advent of an extra passenger become fixed once the carrier has decided to accept a ticket reservation. Moreover, wage, capital, and fuel costs are decided to a great extent in markets where it may reasonably be assumed that a single carrier has little influence over prices. Experience shows, however, that major carriers are able to influence all the above costs through negotiation. It is very difficult to observers outside the airline industry to assess the extent of these potential negotiating gains. Analysis of Competitive Forces (Porter’s five forces) The threat of entry by new competitors The threat of entry by new competitors in the Airline Industry is moderate. Being a capital intensive industry, new entrants would require large amounts of money. However, with easy access to bank loans and credit the likelihood of new airlines entering the market has risen. There are still a lot of barriers to entry in the industry. Higher Oil prices would require the airline to operate at full capacity to be profitable and smaller airports do not provide sufficient passenger traffic. New entrants would also have difficulty getting gates at the airports which major airlines use as their hubs. This acts as a barrier for them to operate on more lucrative routes. Major airlines also have stronger brand recognition and have garnered customer loyalty through their frequent flyer programs. Skybus Airlines, Independence Air, ATA Airlines and Maxjet Airways are among the most recent examples of new entrants that have failed to survive in the industry. Even Virgin America, the most successful of new carriers, has so far failed to turn a profit since entering the market 5 years ago. So while entering the new market might be easy, success stories such as that of Southwest & AirTran & JetBlue have been far and few. Pressure from substitute products The pressure from substitute products is weak for the American airline industry. Air travel being the fastest way to travel from one origin to another has no true substitute. Lack of extensive and long distance public transportation system within US reduces the likelihood of someone taking a train or bus to their destinations. Furthermore, time consumption and convenience would also discourage customers to take these options or to drive themselves.However emerging technologies could, in a long run, generate viable substitutes. For instance, more and more companies adopting video-conferencing could impact business travel for meetings and discussions. People could opt for using online chat to virtually meet with their friends and family instead of spending large amounts of money on airline travel. The intensity of rivalry among existing competitor Airline industry is highly competitive as there are several airlines operating on the same routes. These airlines compete by trying to differentiate themselves from others by providing different services – low-fares, frequent flyer membership privileges, no baggage fee, no cancellation fee etc. Competition between the majors and the low-cost carriers has resulted in a downward pressure on the fares, benefiting the travelers but at the same time lowering the revenue for the airlines (see figure). This combined with lower demand and excess capacity has lead to a consolidation trend in the industry. Recent consolidations include – United & Continental, Delta & Northwest and Southwest & Airtran. Such consolidations could lead to monopolization of a market where the majors already rule the roost. The Bargaining power of buyers The buyers are the passengers, for either business or leisure purposes. In the aviation market, the bargaining power of buyers is quite low. The power that airline customers have varies based on the options available to them and the origin-destination city pair. Even though there are high costs involved with switching airplanes, there is not much ability to compete on service. For instance, the seat in one airline is probably not more comfortable than another, unless a potential buyer is analyzing a luxury liner. Other macro environmental trends are the weather, which is variable and unpredictable, and may shut down airports and cancel flights; and airport capacities. Hence, there are pockets where some airlines have pricing power. In this case, the overall airline industry is characterized by significant buyer power stemming from the intense price competition among airlines (Sundaresa, 2009). Since the concentration and size of the buyers in the airlines industry is relatively lower than the number of suppliers it is not difficult to observe that buyers are more aware of the price, product, and services and discounts available at their disposal. The bargaining Power of Supplier The three major inputs for the airline industry are airplanes, labor and fuel. In terms of suppliers of commercial airplanes there are three major Air Bus, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas, it seems like this few suppliers will have great power in the industry but instead they compete between themselves developing technology, capacity of passengers, mechanics training and giving solutions to improve cost effective exploitation of airplanes between others. The second input is labor such as pilots, mechanics, ground personnel and flight attendants , in general they are unionized playing a critical role in the industry. According to IATA â€Å"About half of all workers in the air transportation industry are unionized, 49.3% of workers being union members and 51.6% being covered by collective bargaining agreements in 2006† (http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Hirsch_Unions_Wages.pdf) The fuel is an important variable due to the price and its volatility but the market has many suppliers that compete to sell large volumes of fuel but they do not control the price because it is an external factor. (Hirsch, 2007) Conclusion The growth in the airlines industry shows no signs of slowing. The recent industry-wide shakedown will have far-reaching effects on the industry’s trend towards expanding domestic and international services. Despite the events of security breaches, wars and the economy, the demand for air flight is expected to continue increasing. The airlines continue to compete among themselves with pricing and offering complementary goods such hospitality, policies, car rental, hotels and tourist packages as the opportunity to improve their sales. The industry’s challenges for the 21st century are the rising costs of fuel, labor, maintenance and security, the impact of technology, such as telecommunication and video conferencing, as well as bankruptcies and shutdowns. However, the overall perspective of demand has been consistently increasing. Growth rates are not consistent in all regions, but countries with a deregulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing fr eedom. This results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth. Moreover, in the aviation market, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, equity arrangements, mergers, or takeovers. In summary, the perspectives for the airline industry are bright and it also holds many challenges. Macro-external environment may directly affect is profitability and operation. Low cost airlines have radically altered the nature of competition within the industry. For low cost, the airlines companies should continue maintaining the existing business model by reducing the cost to improve their product. Turning a profit in a competitive industry with high fixed costs isn’t about gouging consumers on baggage fees. Rather, it’s about paying careful attention to numerous behind-the-scenes expenses, and looking for opportunities to charge passengers for optional extras while keepi ng ticket prices low. References: Lee, Tail (2002). Competitive Airlines. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/58820847/31/The-cost-structure-of-the-airline-industry#page=53 Pierson, Kawika (2011). Cyclical dynamics of airlines industry profits. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http://willamette.academia.edu/KawikaPierson/Papers/461653/Cyclical_Dynamics_of_Airline_Industry_Profits Sundaresa, Sankar R. (2009). Introduction analysis of the airline industry. Retrieved July 17, 2012 from http://bcs.solano.edu/workarea/mgarnier/MGMT%2050/Southwest%20Porters%20-%20Brief%202.pdf The industry handbook: The airline industry. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/airline.asp#axzz20tWDcbCM Using macro and micro environment analytical techniques provide a comparative analysis of leadership and the external environment for the following four airlines: AirTran, Delta, West Jest, and Air Canada. (n.d.) Retrieved July 8, 2012 from http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-manag ement-essays/environmental-analytical-techniques/ Smallen Dave (2011) April 2011 Airline System Traffic Up 1.4 Percent from April 2010. Retrieve July 12 from http://www.rita.dot.gov/rita_archives/bts_press_releases/2011/bts036_11/html/bts036_11.html) Bisignani, Giovanni (2006) The airline industry is going to collapse. Retrieve July 13 2012, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2006/01/04/think_again_airlines?page=full Jenkins, Darryl Consumer Regulation and Taxation of the U.S. Airline Industry Estimating the Burden for Airlines and the Local Impact November 16, 2011. Retrieve July 7, 2012 http://www.aviationinstitute.org/AAIReportNov11.pdf Seng, Pauline.. Increasing Competition in the U.S. Domestic Airline Industry through International Competition.December 20, 2007 Snider, Connan. Barriers to Entry in the Airline Industry: A Regression Discontinuity Approach January 2011. Retrieve July 7 2012. http://www.econ.ucla.edu/people/papers/Snider/Snider507.pdf Hirsch, Barry (2007) Unions and Wages in the US Airlines Industry . Retrieved July 18, 2012 from http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Hirsch_Unions_Wages.pdf) Airlines International (2010). Retrieved july 18, 2012 http://www.iata.org/pressroom/airlines-international/august-2010/pages/06.aspx Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0112/The-Economics-Of-Discount-Airlines.aspx#ixzz21JqFZHYR http://www.firstresearch.com/industry-research/Airlines.html http://voices.yahoo.com/airline-industry-profile-1885428.html?cat=3 http://web.mit.edu/airlines/analysis/analysis_airline_industry.html

President Franklin D. Roosevelt Quotes

President Franklin D. Roosevelt Quotes Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, led the country both during the Great Depression and World War II. He was charismatic and innovative at a time when the United States needed exactly that kind of leadership. Throughout his career in politics, especially during his unprecedented four terms in office, Roosevelt held numerous Fireside Chats and made many speeches, many of which contained important phrases for the time or timeless witticisms that are certainly worth remembering. Below you will find a collection of just a few of these quotes made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Quotes by Franklin D. Roosevelt Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1933)It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address at Oglethorpe University (May 22, 1932)It isnt sufficient just to want - youve got to ask yourself what you are going to do to get the things you want.- Quote by Franklin D. RooseveltWhen you get to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, as quoted in the Kansas City Star (June 5, 1977)We can afford all that we need, but we cannot afford all that we want.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Veto of the Bonus Bill (May 22, 1935)We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address at the University of Pennsylvania (September 20, 1940) If you treat people right they will treat you right ninety percent of the time.- Quote by Franklin D. RooseveltBe sincere; be brief; be seated.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Advice to his son James on giving a speechRepetition does not transform a lie into a truth.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Radio Address to the New York Herald Tribune Forum (October 26, 1939)No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: The Great Arsenal of Democracy (December 29, 1940)I think we consider too much the good luck of the early bird and not enough the bad luck of the early worm.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, to Henry Heymann (December 2, 1919)Competition has been shown to be useful up to a certain point and no further, but cooperation, which is the thing we must strive for today, begins where competition leaves off.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Speech at the Peoples Forum in Troy, New York (March 3, 1912)Confidence... thrives on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful protection and on unselfish performance. Without them, it cannot live.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933) I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made.- Quote by Franklin D. RooseveltIm not the smartest fellow in the world, but I can sure pick smart colleagues.- Quote by Franklin D. RooseveltMen are not prisoners of fate, but only prisoners of their own minds.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Pan American Day address, April 15, 1939The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1933)But while they prate of economic laws, men and women are starving. We must lay hold of the fact that economic laws are not made by nature. They are made by human beings.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Nomination Address at the Democratic National Convention of 1932 (July 2, 1932)Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 a date which will live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.- Quote by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Day of Infamy Speech, December 8, 1941

How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review

How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review The In-Depth Guide of a Dissertation Literature Review When you have such a complex academic assignment as a dissertation literature review, first make sure you are ready to follow all the instructions and guides to prepare a perfect dissertation paper. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. There are numerous definitions of a literature review and the ways in which it is supposed to be written. At the same time, a proper literature review is a kind of detailed summary of the used important sources. A literature review requires an explanation of the sources, their importance for a research project and the way a writer interpret the information gathered in listed sources. Since a literature review is more than just a simple summary, it reveals the main arguments found in the mentioned sources and the expectations about the used materials. A writer can use information collected in mentioned sources to provide a new perspective on a classic research paper or use its old interpretations. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. A literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. There are many differences between an academic paper and a literature review since a review is just a part of an object of a research paper. The literature review in a research paper remains a basis of the entire research since offers primary materials and data needed for further analyses. In a literature review, you summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the checked sources. The Importance of a Literature Review A literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. It is an essential part of every dissertation paper and its basis, in fact. A writer can use information collected in sources to provide a new perspective on a classic research paper or use its old interpretations. It helps to make the entire research really purposeful and aimed at proving or ruining an existed theories in a certain field of science. How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review If you want to prepare a proper dissertation literature review, it is important to deal first with the definition of a literature review and its main characteristics. Further, you must identify your sources, read them carefully, and re-read in order to get all the needed arguments and information. You also need to analyze all the gathered materials, distinguish what results they reveal, and what results are missing. After such a brainstorming stage, you can start performing your dissertation literature review. Identify Sources This is the exact stage where you select proper sources to use in your dissertation paper. This is a very important part of your work, thus be careful to choose only those sources, which are reliable and related to your chosen dissertation’s topic. List parameters and characteristics of the needed materials to select sources properly. Moreover, you need to take into account the required methodology and type of studies, whether quantitative or qualitative. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. When you first deal with your sources, do not forget to organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. It will greatly save you a time needed further for a paper performing process. You can use advanced modern tools and applications to organize your sources properly. Read Your Sources Once organizing your sources properly and dealing with formatting style, it is time to read and re-read all the sources in order to find the needed important data and research results. It is important to get the main point of the materials and the main arguments. You need to show your critical thinking since a literature review is a critical analysis of sources. Reveal your academic opinion, main hypothesis, arguments, etc. Analyze Sources and Consider Gaps in the Research One of the main processes within a literature review preparation is the identification of the research gaps. You need to learn carefully all the gathered material, distinguish what results they reveal, and what results are missed. After such a brainstorming stage, you can start performing your dissertation literature review. You can look through sources checking what possible missed gaps you can fulfill with your personal research project results. Therefore, identification of the research gaps is important for your dissertation paper performing and its top goals and research approaches. Surely, it can be difficult to identify research gaps, but it is crucial for a proper research questions formulation. Therefore, there are a few ways to identify research gaps:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Start by reading. This is the simplest approach, which allows checking all the materials carefully and listing the main achieved results and research gaps. You can use advanced online tools like Google Scholars to have a quick look and check the analyzed sources fast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recommendations and abstracts. Reading an abstract helps to get the main sense of the provided material and distinguish the lacking parts and arguments. The quick examination of the sources can be very beneficial for finding the research gaps. The introduction and conclusions’ paragraphs can be as much informative as an abstract. Performing a Literature Review You can start writing a review once dealing with the identification of the gaps and the main research questions planning. Follow the next pointers to prepare a review: Use samples of literature reviews. You can use various samples of the dissertation literature reviews to deal with this essential part of the paper. Use simple and clear language. You need to keep everything simple in order to write a perfect literature review. There is no need for excessive information, just put clear and concise explanations and descriptions. Use only current sources. When preparing literature reviews, make sure to deal with reliable and current sources since you demonstrate a modern point of view. The current sources bring additional information and explanations, thus using them is crucial for an entire research project. Organize your work properly. When you first deal with your sources, do not forget to organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. If will greatly save you a time needed further for a paper performing process if you start a paper’s formatting from the very first written sentences. You can use advanced modern tools and applications to organize your sources properly. When organizing a literature review, focus on the proper structure of a dissertation literature review and its core elements, like body paragraphs and conclusions. The literature review consists of the main elements of every academic paper, including introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusions. When performing a review, make sure to provide a strong introduction. Additionally, make it short and focused. Provide the informative paragraphs of the body. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. When preparing paragraphs of the body, put an in-depth discussion into the body paragraphs. Choose how to organize your body part elements properly according to the theme, methodology, or even to chronological order. Write practical conclusions. To provide a proper dissertation paper’s conclusions, learn carefully the provided list of sources and their detailed description. Organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. When writing the final words of your dissertation literature reviews, make sure to include a summary of the literature implications, and link them to your arguments. A literature review is a short summary of the literature sources used, which requires an explanation of the sources, their importance for a research project and the way the writers interpret the information gathered in listed sources. Since a literature review is more than just a simple summary, it reveals the main arguments found in the mentioned sources and the expectations about the used materials. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. Moreover, a literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. Use the following tips and guides on writing a perfect dissertation literature review:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide gathered information about the writer’s opinion and never simply describe them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use various techniques to structure the body of your literature review.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use strong argumentation and evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be quite selective when checking sources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not use too many direct quotes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide your own opinion and an objective point of view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Check a review a few times before submitting to deliver flawless and original work.